Endodontics is a specialized field of dentistry focused on the intricate structures inside teeth. The term "Endodontics" originates from the Greek words meaning "inside the tooth," referring to the pulp, nerves, and blood vessels within teeth. Endodontists undergo additional training after dental school to perform both simple and complex procedures, including root canal therapy. Unlike in the past, where a tooth with a diseased nerve would often be extracted, modern endodontists can often save the natural tooth. Typically, this involves removing the damaged inner tooth structures and sealing the resulting gap with a crown to restore health and functionality.

Signs and symptoms of endodontic issues include:

• Inflammation and tenderness in the gums

• Tooth sensitivity to hot and cold foods

• Pain when chewing and biting

• Tooth discoloration

• Presence of large fillings

• Unexplained pain in nearby lymph nodes

Endodontic treatment, such as root canal therapy, is performed to preserve the natural tooth. Despite advancements in dental restorations, most dentists agree that nothing can fully replace healthy, natural teeth.

Common causes of inner tooth damage include:

• Bacterial infections: Oral bacteria can invade tooth pulp through decay or injury, leading to inflammation and infection.

• Fractures and chips: Extensive damage to the tooth's surface may expose the pulp, causing pain and necessitating root canal therapy.

• Injuries: Trauma to the teeth, such as dislodgement or luxation, may require root canal treatment after stabilizing the tooth.

• Avulsions: If a tooth is knocked out, immediate care is crucial. Placing the tooth back in its socket or in a dental solution helps preserve it while emergency treatment is sought. Root canal therapy may be necessary to save the tooth.

An endodontic procedure typically involves the following steps:

• Initial X-rays are taken to assess the condition of the teeth.

• Local anesthesia is administered, and a dental dam is placed to isolate the treatment area.

• An opening is created in the tooth surface to access the pulp chamber, and the infected pulp is removed.

• The root canals are shaped, cleaned, and filled with a biocompatible material called gutta-percha.

• A temporary filling may be placed until the final restoration procedure.

• During subsequent visits, a permanent restoration or crown is placed to protect and restore the tooth.

Root canal therapy generally requires one to three visits to complete, with careful consideration given to preserving the natural tooth and ensuring the patient's comfort throughout the process.